Christmas Eve ::: Luke 2: 1-20

In those days a decree went out from Emperor Augustus that all the world should be registered. ²This was the first registration and was taken while Quirinius was governor of Syria. ³All went to their own towns to be registered. ⁴Joseph also went from the town of Nazareth in Galilee to Judea, to the city of David called Bethlehem, because he was descended from the house and family of David. ⁵He went to be registered with Mary, to whom he was engaged and who was expecting a child. ⁶While they were there, the time came for her to deliver her child.⁷And she gave birth to her firstborn son and wrapped him in bands of cloth, and laid him in a manger, because there was no place for them in the inn.

8 In that region there were shepherds living in the fields, keeping watch over their flock by night. ⁹Then an angel of the Lord stood before them, and the glory of the Lord shone around them, and they were terrified.¹⁰But the angel said to them, ‘Do not be afraid; for see—I am bringing you good news of great joy for all the people: ¹¹to you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, who is the Messiah,^* the Lord. ¹²This will be a sign for you: you will find a child wrapped in bands of cloth and lying in a manger.’ ¹³And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host,^* praising God and saying, 
¹⁴ ‘Glory to God in the highest heaven,
   and on earth peace among those whom he favours!’^*

15 When the angels had left them and gone into heaven, the shepherds said to one another, ‘Let us go now to Bethlehem and see this thing that has taken place, which the Lord has made known to us.’ ¹⁶So they went with haste and found Mary and Joseph, and the child lying in the manger.¹⁷When they saw this, they made known what had been told them about this child; ¹⁸and all who heard it were amazed at what the shepherds told them. ¹⁹But Mary treasured all these words and pondered them in her heart. ²⁰The shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all they had heard and seen, as it had been told them.

Translation:  And it happened in those days, an ordinance from Caesar Augustus went out (that) all the inhabited world be taxed--this taxing happened first when Cyrenius was governor of Syria--and all were going to be taxed, each one into their own city.  And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, into a city of David which is called Bethlehem because he is out of the house and lineage of David, to be taxed with Mary who was engaged to him (and) being pregnant.

And it happened, while they were there, the days of her bringing forth were fulfilled, and she brought forth her first-born son and wrapped him in swaddling clothes and laid him in a manger because there was no place for them in the guest room.  And there were shepherds in that region, abiding in the field and keeping watch over their flock by night, and an angel of the Lord came to them and the glory of the Lord shone round about them, and they were struck with a great fear.  And the angel said to them, "Fear not, for behold! I bring a joyful message to you, a great gladness, which will be to all the people, for to you, today, in the city of David, is brought forth a Savior, who is Christ the Lord.  And this is the sign to you:  you will find a baby wrapped in swaddling clothes in a manger."  

And suddenly it happened, with the angel a multitude of the hosts of heaven, praising God and saying, "Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace to people of gracious purpose."  And it happened, as the angels went from them into heaven, the shepherds were saying to one another, "Let us go even to Bethlehem and see this word which has come to be, which the Lord has made known to us."  And they came quickly and found Mary and Joseph and the baby lying in a manger.  And seeing, they made known concerning the word, the one spoken to them concerning this child, and all the ones who heard were amazed concerning what had been spoken to them by the shepherds.  But Mary was keeping together all these words, bringing them together in her heart.  And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all they heard and seen, just as it was told them.

Background and situation:  Caesar Augustus was the winner of the long Roman civil war (44 BC - 31 BC).  He was Octavian, the nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar.  Upon the assassination of Julius Caesar (44 BC), Octavian formed an alliance with Mark Antony, and they defeated the anti-Caesar faction headed by Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi (42 BC).

Octavian and his ally, Mark Antony, had their inevitable falling out, and soon went to war against each other.  Octavian's skillful use of propaganda--he said Antony's head had been turned by the foreign hussy, Cleopatra--turned the tide of Roman opinion against Antony.  Antony's unsuccessful campaign against Parthia dimmed his luster as a military commander.  

Antony likewise played his propaganda cards, asserting that Cleopatra's son by Julius Caesar, Caesarion, was the legitimate heir to Roman power.  Octavian, an adopted son, recognized the threat. 

Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.  (It wasn't much of a battle, and Octavian was not much of a warrior or military strategist.  The true victor was his commander, Marcus Agrippa.)  Thus ended the Roman Civil War.  Octavian--now Caesar Augustus--was given credit for ending thirteen years of chaos.  He was lauded throughout the Empire.  Many called him "the savior of the world." 

Census:  There is no evidence of an empire-wide census at the time of Jesus' birth.  Caesar Augustus conducted three censuses during his long reign--the one closest to the birth of Jesus was in 8 BC.  All three of Augustus' censuses, however, were limited to Roman citizens and wouldn't have applied to Joseph. 

When Quirinius (Cyrenius in Latin) was governor of Syria, there was a local census in the year AD 6, though this census wouldn't have applied to Joseph either since Joseph was a Galilean and Galilee was not in Quirinius' jurisdiction.  (Herod died in 4 BC.  His son, Herod Archelaus, succeeded him, but was replaced by Quirinius in AD 6.)

Luke was not writing history.  He was writing theology in narrative form; he writes truth, not fact.  He starts off by noting the big wheels of the world and how they like to jerk people around.  Roman power makes Joseph dance to its tune, sending him across the country to get "counted" so that Rome could get more efficient at taking his money for taxes.  (This may not be a particular fact in the life of Joseph, but it is certainly true in regard to Roman power.)

Whenever Caesar, or local governors like Quirinius, ran censuses, there would be uprisings and revolts, as, indeed, there was at the announcement of the Quirinius census.  The tax burden was already excessive, and people lived in a grinding poverty, under the bootheel of Rome, that was getting worse, and not better.  Some historians trace the emergence of the zealots to the uprisings against the census of Quirinius.  (Before Jesus, the most famous Galilean would have been Judas the Galilean, leader of the revolt.)  The zealots, in turn, were part of a chain of events that led to the disastrous Roman-Jewish War of AD 66-70.

Ironically, the rich didn't like these censuses either.  Rome was very status-conscious.  Every Roman male was conscious of his dignitas, his prestige, his charisma, his place in the Roman hierarchy.  If it should be found out that this Roman was not worth as much as he'd been bragging about, that would be a severe blow to his dignitas.

Birth of Jesus:  Luke is writing about the true "savior of the world," one from the line of the great King David.  He looks to Bethlehem, the city of David, and not to Rome, the city of Caesar.  All the synoptics take this point of view. 

In verses 6-7, Luke uses strong language to assert the birth of Jesus--literally, "But it happened, in the existence of them, there the days are fullfilled of her bringing forth."  It doesn't read very smoothly in English, but notice how Luke underlines the birth with three key words:    It happened (egeneto) in the happening (einai), the bringing forth (tipto).

Jesus is identified as Mary's "first born son."  The word is prototokos.  It will pop up again in Colossians 1 where Jesus is described as "the first born of all creation."  (Did the author of Colossians know Luke's gospel?  Was the author of Colossians, with his notable cosmic vision and high christology, expanding on Mary's "first born son" and proclaiming him the "first born of all creation"?) 

There was no room for Joseph and Mary in the kataluma.  The word refers to the upper room of a house, the guest room--not, in other words, some wayside hotel, barn, or cave.  In the case of Joseph and Mary, the guest room was already taken--Uncle Zechariah from Wichita had already claimed it--and they had to stay in the other "room" which, at night, would be home for animals, but during the day would be cleaned up and used by the family. 

Joseph and Mary were not alone in the dark of night somewhere.  Mary had the baby in a home, surrounded by family.   (As an aside, notice also that Luke says nothing at all of any paternity issue.  Unlike Matthew, Luke says nothing about Joseph being troubled by the pregnancy and wanting to divorce Mary.)

The birth is announced to shepherds in the field, and not to the powerful in rich palaces.  The scandal of the virgin birth is not so much that Mary was a virgin. Lots of famous people were said to have been conceived by various gods, including Caesar Augustus himself.  The scandal was that Jesus--a poor kid from a jerkwater town--was born of a virgin.  (The image of the shepherd also is a reminder that King David, soon to be mentioned yet again, was also a shepherd.)

Whenever the word "angel" appears in scripture, we should think:  "window into heaven."  Angels tell what is happening from the perspective of God.  The shepherds are bathed in light (perilampo)--the glory (doxa) of the Lord!  The shepherds were absolutely terrified--the word phobos is used twice.

A great gladness:  The angel announces "good news (euangelion) of great joy for all the people"--or, in my translation, "...a joyful message to you, a great gladness, which will be to all the people."

Luke didn't invent the word euangelion.  It was a word that was commonly applied to Caesar, and often associated with military victory.  "Euangelion!  Good news!  Caesar is victorious in Gaul!"  In the case of Jesus, the "good news of great joy" is for "all the people (panti to lao)"--not just the powerful, as was commonly the case.

Somewhat surprisingly, the word "savior" (sotare) appears only twice in the synoptics--Luke 1, Luke 2.  It was a politically-charged term since, after all, everyone already knew that Caesar Augustus was "the savior of the world."  He had brought order to the world after a thirteen year long war.  Great poets, historians, and politicians lauded the peace of Augustus. 

Luke's announcement of Jesus as "savior" is a way of saying, "Jesus is the true savior, and Caesar is not."  Moreover, this "savior" comes from the house of David, Israel's most royal house.  He is not only "lord," but "messiah."

The angels go into heaven, and the shepherds spoke "to one another (allelous)."  All the shepherds are involved in the discussion.  (Discussion in the New Community is egalitarian, not top down.)  They go immediately to Bethlehem and see (idomen) "this thing that has happened (gegonos) which the Lord has made known (ginosko) to us."

The shepherds share what they have learned.  Jesus has just been born, and, already, we signs of the mutuality and reciprocity which is characteristic of the kingdom of God.  The shepherds share with each other, and with Joseph and Mary--no privileged information here.  The words of the shepherds stir "all" who hear them.  They return praising God.

Meanwhile, "Mary was keeping together (suntare) all these words, bringing them together (sumballos) in her heart."  Just as the shepherds experience mutuality and, one might say, "wholeness" with each other, Mary also experiences this "wholeness" in her heart.  Sunetare has the sense of integration, taking into oneself.  Sumballos has the sense of bringing together.

Thus is born the true savior of the world--not Caesar Augustus, the oppressor, false savior of the world, protector of those with power and privilege, but Christ the Lord, whose birth is "good news of great joy for all the people."

Image:  Giovannia Bellini, Madonna and child, 1480-1490

In those days a decree went out from Emperor Augustus that all the world should be registered. ²This was the first registration and was taken while Quirinius was governor of Syria. ³All went to their own towns to be registered. ⁴Joseph also went from the town of Nazareth in Galilee to Judea, to the city of David called Bethlehem, because he was descended from the house and family of David. ⁵He went to be registered with Mary, to whom he was engaged and who was expecting a child. ⁶While they were there, the time came for her to deliver her child.⁷And she gave birth to her firstborn son and wrapped him in bands of cloth, and laid him in a manger, because there was no place for them in the inn.

8 In that region there were shepherds living in the fields, keeping watch over their flock by night. ⁹Then an angel of the Lord stood before them, and the glory of the Lord shone around them, and they were terrified.¹⁰But the angel said to them, ‘Do not be afraid; for see—I am bringing you good news of great joy for all the people: ¹¹to you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, who is the Messiah,^* the Lord. ¹²This will be a sign for you: you will find a child wrapped in bands of cloth and lying in a manger.’ ¹³And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host,^* praising God and saying, 
¹⁴ ‘Glory to God in the highest heaven,
   and on earth peace among those whom he favours!’^*

15 When the angels had left them and gone into heaven, the shepherds said to one another, ‘Let us go now to Bethlehem and see this thing that has taken place, which the Lord has made known to us.’ ¹⁶So they went with haste and found Mary and Joseph, and the child lying in the manger.¹⁷When they saw this, they made known what had been told them about this child; ¹⁸and all who heard it were amazed at what the shepherds told them. ¹⁹But Mary treasured all these words and pondered them in her heart. ²⁰The shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all they had heard and seen, as it had been told them.

Translation:  And it happened in those days, an ordinance from Caesar Augustus went out (that) all the inhabited world be taxed--this taxing happened first when Cyrenius was governor of Syria--and all were going to be taxed, each one into their own city.  And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, into a city of David which is called Bethlehem because he is out of the house and lineage of David, to be taxed with Mary who was engaged to him (and) being pregnant.

And it happened, while they were there, the days of her bringing forth were fulfilled, and she brought forth her first-born son and wrapped him in swaddling clothes and laid him in a manger because there was no place for them in the guest room.  And there were shepherds in that region, abiding in the field and keeping watch over their flock by night, and an angel of the Lord came to them and the glory of the Lord shone round about them, and they were struck with a great fear.  And the angel said to them, "Fear not, for behold! I bring a joyful message to you, a great gladness, which will be to all the people, for to you, today, in the city of David, is brought forth a Savior, who is Christ the Lord.  And this is the sign to you:  you will find a baby wrapped in swaddling clothes in a manger."  

And suddenly it happened, with the angel a multitude of the hosts of heaven, praising God and saying, "Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace to people of gracious purpose."  And it happened, as the angels went from them into heaven, the shepherds were saying to one another, "Let us go even to Bethlehem and see this word which has come to be, which the Lord has made known to us."  And they came quickly and found Mary and Joseph and the baby lying in a manger.  And seeing, they made known concerning the word, the one spoken to them concerning this child, and all the ones who heard were amazed concerning what had been spoken to them by the shepherds.  But Mary was keeping together all these words, bringing them together in her heart.  And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all they heard and seen, just as it was told them.

Background and situation:  Caesar Augustus was the winner of the long Roman civil war (44 BC - 31 BC).  He was Octavian, the nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar.  Upon the assassination of Julius Caesar (44 BC), Octavian formed an alliance with Mark Antony, and they defeated the anti-Caesar faction headed by Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi (42 BC).

Octavian and his ally, Mark Antony, had their inevitable falling out, and soon went to war against each other.  Octavian's skillful use of propaganda--he said Antony's head had been turned by the foreign hussy, Cleopatra--turned the tide of Roman opinion against Antony.  Antony's unsuccessful campaign against Parthia dimmed his luster as a military commander.  

Antony likewise played his propaganda cards, asserting that Cleopatra's son by Julius Caesar, Caesarion, was the legitimate heir to Roman power.  Octavian, an adopted son, recognized the threat. 

Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.  (It wasn't much of a battle, and Octavian was not much of a warrior or military strategist.  The true victor was his commander, Marcus Agrippa.)  Thus ended the Roman Civil War.  Octavian--now Caesar Augustus--was given credit for ending thirteen years of chaos.  He was lauded throughout the Empire.  Many called him "the savior of the world." 

Census:  There is no evidence of an empire-wide census at the time of Jesus' birth.  Caesar Augustus conducted three censuses during his long reign--the one closest to the birth of Jesus was in 8 BC.  All three of Augustus' censuses, however, were limited to Roman citizens and wouldn't have applied to Joseph. 

When Quirinius (Cyrenius in Latin) was governor of Syria, there was a local census in the year AD 6, though this census wouldn't have applied to Joseph either since Joseph was a Galilean and Galilee was not in Quirinius' jurisdiction.  (Herod died in 4 BC.  His son, Herod Archelaus, succeeded him, but was replaced by Quirinius in AD 6.)

Luke was not writing history.  He was writing theology in narrative form; he writes truth, not fact.  He starts off by noting the big wheels of the world and how they like to jerk people around.  Roman power makes Joseph dance to its tune, sending him across the country to get "counted" so that Rome could get more efficient at taking his money for taxes.  (This may not be a particular fact in the life of Joseph, but it is certainly true in regard to Roman power.)

Whenever Caesar, or local governors like Quirinius, ran censuses, there would be uprisings and revolts, as, indeed, there was at the announcement of the Quirinius census.  The tax burden was already excessive, and people lived in a grinding poverty, under the bootheel of Rome, that was getting worse, and not better.  Some historians trace the emergence of the zealots to the uprisings against the census of Quirinius.  (Before Jesus, the most famous Galilean would have been Judas the Galilean, leader of the revolt.)  The zealots, in turn, were part of a chain of events that led to the disastrous Roman-Jewish War of AD 66-70.

Ironically, the rich didn't like these censuses either.  Rome was very status-conscious.  Every Roman male was conscious of his dignitas, his prestige, his charisma, his place in the Roman hierarchy.  If it should be found out that this Roman was not worth as much as he'd been bragging about, that would be a severe blow to his dignitas.

Birth of Jesus:  Luke is writing about the true "savior of the world," one from the line of the great King David.  He looks to Bethlehem, the city of David, and not to Rome, the city of Caesar.  All the synoptics take this point of view. 

In verses 6-7, Luke uses strong language to assert the birth of Jesus--literally, "But it happened, in the existence of them, there the days are fullfilled of her bringing forth."  It doesn't read very smoothly in English, but notice how Luke underlines the birth with three key words:    It happened (egeneto) in the happening (einai), the bringing forth (tipto).

Jesus is identified as Mary's "first born son."  The word is prototokos.  It will pop up again in Colossians 1 where Jesus is described as "the first born of all creation."  (Did the author of Colossians know Luke's gospel?  Was the author of Colossians, with his notable cosmic vision and high christology, expanding on Mary's "first born son" and proclaiming him the "first born of all creation"?) 

There was no room for Joseph and Mary in the kataluma.  The word refers to the upper room of a house, the guest room--not, in other words, some wayside hotel, barn, or cave.  In the case of Joseph and Mary, the guest room was already taken--Uncle Zechariah from Wichita had already claimed it--and they had to stay in the other "room" which, at night, would be home for animals, but during the day would be cleaned up and used by the family. 

Joseph and Mary were not alone in the dark of night somewhere.  Mary had the baby in a home, surrounded by family.   (As an aside, notice also that Luke says nothing at all of any paternity issue.  Unlike Matthew, Luke says nothing about Joseph being troubled by the pregnancy and wanting to divorce Mary.)

The birth is announced to shepherds in the field, and not to the powerful in rich palaces.  The scandal of the virgin birth is not so much that Mary was a virgin. Lots of famous people were said to have been conceived by various gods, including Caesar Augustus himself.  The scandal was that Jesus--a poor kid from a jerkwater town--was born of a virgin.  (The image of the shepherd also is a reminder that King David, soon to be mentioned yet again, was also a shepherd.)

Whenever the word "angel" appears in scripture, we should think:  "window into heaven."  Angels tell what is happening from the perspective of God.  The shepherds are bathed in light (perilampo)--the glory (doxa) of the Lord!  The shepherds were absolutely terrified--the word phobos is used twice.

A great gladness:  The angel announces "good news (euangelion) of great joy for all the people"--or, in my translation, "...a joyful message to you, a great gladness, which will be to all the people."

Luke didn't invent the word euangelion.  It was a word that was commonly applied to Caesar, and often associated with military victory.  "Euangelion!  Good news!  Caesar is victorious in Gaul!"  In the case of Jesus, the "good news of great joy" is for "all the people (panti to lao)"--not just the powerful, as was commonly the case.

Somewhat surprisingly, the word "savior" (sotare) appears only twice in the synoptics--Luke 1, Luke 2.  It was a politically-charged term since, after all, everyone already knew that Caesar Augustus was "the savior of the world."  He had brought order to the world after a thirteen year long war.  Great poets, historians, and politicians lauded the peace of Augustus. 

Luke's announcement of Jesus as "savior" is a way of saying, "Jesus is the true savior, and Caesar is not."  Moreover, this "savior" comes from the house of David, Israel's most royal house.  He is not only "lord," but "messiah."

The angels go into heaven, and the shepherds spoke "to one another (allelous)."  All the shepherds are involved in the discussion.  (Discussion in the New Community is egalitarian, not top down.)  They go immediately to Bethlehem and see (idomen) "this thing that has happened (gegonos) which the Lord has made known (ginosko) to us."

The shepherds share what they have learned.  Jesus has just been born, and, already, we signs of the mutuality and reciprocity which is characteristic of the kingdom of God.  The shepherds share with each other, and with Joseph and Mary--no privileged information here.  The words of the shepherds stir "all" who hear them.  They return praising God.

Meanwhile, "Mary was keeping together (suntare) all these words, bringing them together (sumballos) in her heart."  Just as the shepherds experience mutuality and, one might say, "wholeness" with each other, Mary also experiences this "wholeness" in her heart.  Sunetare has the sense of integration, taking into oneself.  Sumballos has the sense of bringing together.

Thus is born the true savior of the world--not Caesar Augustus, the oppressor, false savior of the world, protector of those with power and privilege, but Christ the Lord, whose birth is "good news of great joy for all the people."

Image:  Giovannia Bellini, Madonna and child, 1480-1490